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Build any circuit, tap play button, and watch dynamic voltage, current, and charge animations. Breadboard and printed circuit board (PCB) enthusiasts, and ham radio hobbyists. To install Bluestack for PC on your Windows 7/8/10/XP or MAC PC and then would need to install the EveryCircuit for PC apk or setup file. Bluestack for PC is an.

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Snowden hasn’t carried a mobile device since 2013, but in the last couple of years, much of his time has been taken up by prying apart smartphones and poking away at their circuit boards with the aid of fine tweezers and a microscope. In 2016, he collaborated with hardware hacker Andrew “Bunnie” Huang on, a phone case that monitors iPhone outputs, alerting you to when your device is sending signals through its antenna. Snowden is notoriously careful about the technology around him.

In the documentary Citizenfour, Snowden is shown taking increasingly extravagant precautions against surveillance, going as far as to drape a pillowcase (his “Magic Mantle of Power,” he says, deadpan) over himself and his computer when he types in a password. Famously, he also asked journalists to place their phones in the hotel fridge, to prevent transmission of any surreptitious recording through their microphones or cameras. Snowden at least has a pretty understandable reason to be paranoid — and while he doesn’t expect the rest of the world to adopt his somewhat inconvenient lifestyle, he’s been trying to use his uniquely heightened threat model to improve other people’s lives. “I haven’t carried a phone but I can increasingly use phones,” he said. Tinkering with technology to make it acceptable to his own standards gives him insight into how to provide privacy to others.

Edward Snowden holds a smartphone microphone with tweezers next to a USB drive for scale Photo by Edward Snowden “Did you know most mobile phones these days have three microphones?” he asked me. Later he rattled off a list of different kinds of sensors. It wasn’t just audio, motion, and light, an iPhone can also detect acceleration and barometric pressure.

He had become intimately familiar with the insides of smartphones while working with Bunnie Huang, and the experience had left him wondering if the powerful capabilities of these increasingly ubiquitous devices could be used to protect, rather than invade, people’s privacy —, rather than surveillance. It was Micah Lee, a security engineer who also writes at the Intercept, who had the first spark of insight. For years, developers with access to signing keys — particularly developers who deal with incredibly sensitive work like the Tor Project — have become fairly paranoid about keeping their laptops in sight at all times. This has much to do with.

Even if you encrypt your hard drive, a malicious actor with physical access to your computer (say, a hotel housekeeper of dubious morals) can compromise your machine. Afterwards, it’s nearly impossible to tell that you’ve been hacked. Screenshot courtesy of the Guardian Project Snowden and Lee, who both sit on the board of the Freedom of the Press Foundation, partnered with the Guardian Project, a collective of app developers who focus on privacy and encrypted communications, to create Haven over the last year.

Snowden credited Nathan Freitas, the director of the Guardian Project, for writing the bulk of the code. Though “evil maid” attacks are not a widespread concern — “we’re talking about people who can’t go into the pool without their laptops,” said Snowden, “that’s like nine people in the whole world” — Haven was conceptualized to benefit as many people as possible. Micah Lee points out in his that victims of domestic abuse can also use Haven to see if their abuser is tampering with their devices. Snowden told me that they had thought very deliberately about intimate partner violence early on. “You shouldn’t have to be saving the world to benefit from Haven,” said Snowden, but acknowledged that the people most likely to be using Haven were paranoid developers and human rights activists in the global south. How the Guardian Project worked with the Colombian activist group Movilizatario to run a trial of the software earlier this year. Sixty testers from Movilizatario used Haven to safeguard their devices and to provide some kind of record if they should be kidnapped in the middle of the night.

Screenshot courtesy of the Guardian Project It was this case scenario that sprung to the mind of Jacqueline Moudeina when she spoke with Snowden earlier this year. Fatigue of composite materials word mojo gold online for mac 2017. “In many places around the world, people are disappearing in the night,” he said. For those dissidents, Haven was reassurance that if government agents break into their home and take them away, at least someone would know they were taken. In those cases, Haven can be installed on primary phones, and the app is set to send notifications to a friend. I asked Snowden what it was like to collaborate on a software project while in exile in Russia. It wasn’t that bad, he said. Since he became stranded in Russia in 2013, technology has progressed to the point where it’s much easier to talk to people all over the world in secure ways.

The creators of Haven were scattered all over the globe. “Exile is losing its teeth,” he told me. More than anything, Snowden is hoping that Haven — that anyone can examine, contribute to, or adapt for their own purposes — spins out into many different directions, addressing threat models of all kinds. There are so many different kinds of sensors in mobile phones that the possibilities were boundless. He wondered, for instance, if a barometer in a smartphone could possibly detect a door opening in a room. Threat models don’t have to involve authoritarian governments kidnapping and torturing activists. Lex Gill posted on Twitter that her partner had been testing Haven with a spare phone for a month, and she had begun to use it to send “helpful reminders.”.

Apple Lisa, with an Apple ProFile external hard disk sitting atop it, and dual 5.25-inch 'Twiggy' floppy drives Also known as Locally Integrated Software Architecture Developer Manufacturer Type Personal computer Release date January 19, 1983; 35 years ago ( 1983-01-19) Introductory price US$9,995 (1983) US$ 24,600 (2017 equivalent) Discontinued August 1986 ( 1986-08) Units sold 100,000 Lisa OS, @ 5 Predecessor Successor The Apple Lisa is a developed by, released on January 19, 1983. It was one of the first to offer a (GUI) in a machine aimed at individual business users. Development of the Lisa began in 1978, and it underwent many changes during the development period before shipping at the very high price of US$9,995 with a 5 MB. The high price, relatively low performance and unreliable, or 'Twiggy', led to poor sales, with only 100,000 units sold. However, these sales generated about $1 bn in revenue, which would later help keep the company afloat amidst an ongoing crisis. In 1982, after was forced out of the Lisa project, he joined the project, at that time developing a much more limited machine with a task-switching interface. Jobs redirected the Macintosh team to build a cheaper and better Lisa, releasing it in January 1984 and quickly outstripping Lisa sales.

Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably, but it failed to achieve favorable sales compared to the much less expensive Mac. The final revision of the Lisa, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the.

Generally considered a failure, the Lisa nevertheless introduced a number of advanced features that would not reappear on the Macintosh for a number of years. Among these was an which featured and a more document-oriented workflow. The itself was also much more advanced than the Macintosh, with a hard drive and support for up to 2 (MB) of, expansion slots and a larger, higher-resolution display. The main exception is that while the first Macintosh also uses the; it is clocked at 7.89 MHz, as compared to the 5 MHz version used in the Lisa.

The complexity of the Lisa operating system and its associated programs overtaxes the slower processor enough that users perceive it to be sluggish, particularly when scrolling in documents. Contents. Etymology While the documentation shipped with the original Lisa only refers to it as The Lisa, officially, Apple stated the name was an for 'Locally Integrated Software Architecture' or 'LISA'. Since Steve Jobs's first daughter (born in 1978) was named, it was normally inferred that the name also had a personal association, and perhaps that the acronym was a invented later to fit the name. States the acronym was from the name 'Lisa' in late 1982 by the Apple marketing team, after they had hired a marketing consultancy firm to come up with names to replace 'Lisa' and 'Macintosh' (at the time considered by to be merely internal project codenames) and then rejected all of the suggestions. Privately, Hertzfeld and the other software developers used 'Lisa: Invented Stupid Acronym', a backronym, while computer industry coined the term 'Let's Invent Some Acronym' to fit the Lisa's name.

Decades later, Jobs would tell his biographer: 'Obviously it was named for my daughter.' Development The project began in 1978 as an effort to create a more modern version of the then-conventional design epitomized by the. Initial team leader Ken Rothmuller was soon replaced by, under whose direction the project evolved into the ' form that was finally released., who was then on the marketing team for the nascent Lisa project, and contributed to the change in design.

Several years prior to this, research had been going on at Xerox's to create a new way to organize everything on the screen, today known as the. Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC in 1979. He was excited by the revolutionary mouse-driven GUI of the and was keen to use these ideas back at Apple. By late 1979, Jobs successfully negotiated with Xerox for his Lisa team to receive two demonstrations of ongoing research projects at Xerox PARC; when the Apple team saw the demonstration of the computer they were able to see in action the basic elements of what constituted a workable GUI.

The Lisa team put a great deal of work into making the graphical interface a mainstream commercial product. By May 1982, reported that 'Apple's yet-to-be-announced Lisa 68000 network work station is also widely rumored to have.' The Lisa was a major project at the company, which reportedly spent more than $50 million on its development.

More than 90 people participated in the design, plus more in the sales and marketing effort, to launch the machine. Credited with being the most important person on the development of the computer's hardware until the machine went into production, at which point he became technical lead for the entire Lisa project. Was in charge of applications development, and was in charge of system software. After a six-month period in which the user interface was designed, the hardware, operating system, and applications were all created in parallel. Hardware.

The IO board in an Apple Lisa with a UV-EPROM installed The hardware development team for the Lisa was headed by Robert Paratore. The Lisa was first introduced on January 19, 1983, and cost US$9,995 (approximately US$24,600 in 2017 dollars.) It was one of the first personal computer systems with a (GUI) to be sold commercially. It used a clocked at 5 and had 1. The industrial design, product design and mechanical packaging and enclosure/structural design and development were headed by Bill Dresselhaus, the Principal Product Designer of Lisa, with his team of internal product designers and contract product designers from the firm that eventually became IDEO. The Lisa computer uses a 4-bit integer and the base year is defined as 1980, and the software won't accept any value below 1981 so the only valid range is 1981–1995. Thus it has a '1995 problem'.

The real-time clock depended on a 4 x pack of batteries that only lasted for a few hours when main power was not present, often causing the packs to burst open and leak corrosive alkaline electrolyte that could ruin the circuit boards. Drives The original Lisa, or Lisa 1, has two 5.25-inch double-sided, more commonly known by Apple's internal code name for the drive, 'Twiggy'. They have a capacity of approximately 871 kB each, but proved to be unreliable and required special diskettes. The Macintosh, which was intended to implement a single Twiggy drive partway through development, was revised to use a Sony 400 kB microfloppy drive.

An optional external 5 MB or, later, a 10 MB (originally designed for the ), was available. With the introduction of the Lisa 2/10, an optional 10 MB internal proprietary hard disk manufactured by Apple, known as the ', was also offered. Lisa 2 The first hardware revision, the Lisa 2, was released in January 1984 and was priced between $3,495 and $5,495 US. It was much less expensive than the original model and dropped the Twiggy floppy drives in favor of a single.

The Lisa 2 has as little as 512k RAM. The Lisa 2/5 consists of a Lisa 2 bundled with an external 5MB or 10MB hard drive. In 1984, at the same time the Macintosh was officially announced, Apple offered free upgrades to the Lisa 2/5 to all Lisa 1 owners, by swapping the pair of Twiggy drives for a single 3.5-inch drive, and updating the boot ROM and I/O ROM. In addition, the Lisa 2's new front faceplate was included to accommodate the reconfigured floppy disk drive. With this change, the Lisa 2 had the notable distinction of introducing the new inlaid Apple logo, as well as the first features. The Lisa 2/10 features a 10MB internal hard drive (but no external parallel port) and a standard configuration of 1MB of RAM. Developing early Macintosh software required a Lisa 2.

There were relatively few third-party hardware offerings for the Lisa, as compared to the earlier. offered a 1.5 MB memory board, which – when combined with the standard Apple 512 KB memory board – expands the Lisa to a total of 2 MB of memory, the maximum amount that the can address. Late in the product life of the Lisa, there were third-party hard disk drives, SCSI controllers, and double-sided 3½ inch floppy-disk upgrades. Unlike the, the Lisa features expansion slots; conversely, like the Apple II, it is an 'open system'. The Lisa 2 motherboard has a very basic with virtually no electronic components, but plenty of sockets and slots. There are two RAM slots, one CPU slot, and one I/O slot all in parallel placement to each other.

At the other end, there are three 'Lisa' slots parallel to each other. This flexibility provides the potential for a developer to create a replacement for the CPU 'card' to upgrade the Lisa to run a newer CPU, albeit with potential limitations from other parts of the system. Macintosh XL. Main article: In January 1985, following on the heels of the Macintosh, the Lisa 2/10 (with integrated 10 MB hard drive) was re-branded the Macintosh XL and with new software, positioned as Apple's high-end Macintosh.

The price was lowered yet again, to $4,000 and sales tripled, but (according to CEO Sculley) Apple would have lost money increasing production to meet the new demand. Apple discontinued the Macintosh XL, leaving an eight-month void in Apple's high-end product line until the was introduced in 1986. Software. A screenshot of the Lisa Office System 3.1 The Lisa features, enabled by a crude hardware circuit compared to the workstation (c. 1982), which featured a full memory management unit.

Based, in part, on elements from the failed operating system released three years earlier, the Lisa's also organizes its files in hierarchical directories, as did workstations of the time which were the main competition to Lisa in terms of price and hardware. Directories enable the use of GUI 'folders' with the Lisa, as with previous Xerox PARC computers from which the Lisa borrowed heavily. Conceptually, the Lisa resembles the in the sense that it was envisioned as an office computing system. Consequently, Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office System and the Workshop. The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users. The Workshop is a program development environment and is almost entirely text-based, though it uses a GUI text editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed '7/7', in reference to the seven supplied application programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, LisaList, and LisaTerminal.

The operating system – rather than the applications themselves – is incapable of supporting the demands of advanced users and is prone to crash then restart under heavy load from large, complex spreadsheets or graphs produced from them. Apple's warranty said that this software works precisely as stated, and Apple refunded an unspecified number of users in full for their systems. These operating system frailties, and costly (to Apple) recalls, combined with the very high price point led to the failure of the Lisa in the marketplace. Third-party software. A screenshot of the Apple Lisa Workshop A significant impediment to third-party software on the Lisa was the fact that, when first launched, the Lisa Office System could not be used to write programs for itself.

A separate development OS, called Lisa Workshop, was required. During this development process, engineers would alternate between the two OSes at startup, writing and compiling code on one OS and testing it on the other. Later, the same Lisa Workshop was used to develop software for the Macintosh. After a few years, a Macintosh-native development system was developed. For most of its lifetime, the Lisa never went beyond the original seven applications that Apple had deemed enough to 'do everything'although UniPress Software did offer for $495. MacWorks. An original Apple Lisa at work, Apple Convention, Boston, Spring 1983 wrote in February 1983 after previewing the Lisa that it was 'the most important development in computers in the last five years, easily outpacing the IBM PC'.

It acknowledged that the $9,995 price was high, and concluded 'Apple. Is not unaware that most people would be incredibly interested in a similar but less expensive machine. We'll see what happens'. Apple sold approximately 100,000 Lisa machines at a price of $9995generating sales in total close to a billion US dollars, against a development cost of 50 US million dollars. The Apple Lisa was a commercial failure for Apple, the largest since the failure of the of 1980. The intended business customers were reluctant to purchase the machine because of its poor.

The launch price of US$9,995 (equivalent to nearly US$24,600 in 2017) put the Lisa in the price realm of technical workstations, but without any technical software support. The mandatory graphical interface sapped much of the computer's resources, thus making it impractical for high-end users. The Lisa was largely unable to compete with the less expensive, which was dominating business desktop computing, in part due to the platform's backwards-compatibility with the operating system and many existing business software applications originally written for CP/M or BASIC. In short, the novel-but-costly graphical interface did not make business sense at that time. The largest Lisa customer was, which used for project management. The release of the faster and less costly by half in 1984 spelled the end of the Lisa as a viable commercial product. Two later Lisa models were released (the Lisa 2 and its -enabled sibling ) before the Lisa line was discontinued in April 1985.

In 1986, Apple offered all Lisa and XL owners the opportunity to return their computer, with an additional payment of US$1,498, in exchange for a. Reportedly 2,700 working but unsold Lisa computers were buried in a landfill. Legacy The Apple Lisa was immediately recognized as a significant machine, with BYTE opining it more important than the IBM PC. Further, though a limited number of Lisas were sold, the Lisa software, in combination with an Apple dot-matrix printer, could produce documents that surpass other comparably priced options available at the time. This one compelling usage meant that the Lisa was introduced into a number of larger offices, and due to the price, the number of people who had used a Lisa was much larger than the number of Lisas sold. An often-overlooked feature the Lisa system used is its early approach of document-centric computing instead of application-centric computing.

On a Macintosh, Windows, or Linux system, a user typically seeks a program. In the Lisa system, users use stationery to begin using an application. Apple implemented stationery documents on in 1991 and attempted to further advance this approach on the Mac platform later with. Microsoft also later implemented stationery in a limited fashion via the Windows Start menu for Microsoft Office. Internationalization Within a few months of the Lisa's introduction in the US, fully translated versions of the software and documentation were commercially available for the British, French, West German, Italian, and Spanish markets, followed by several Scandinavian versions shortly thereafter. The user interface for the OS, all seven applications, LisaGuide, and the Lisa diagnostics (in ROM) can be fully translated, without any programming required, using resource files and a translation kit.

The keyboard can identify its native language layout, and the entire user experience will be in that language, including any hardware diagnostic messages. Although several non-English keyboard layouts are available, the keyboard layout was never ported to the Lisa, though such porting had been available for the Apple III, IIe, and IIc, and later for the Macintosh. Keyboard-mapping on the Lisa is complex and requires building a new OS. All kernels contain images for all layouts, so due to serious memory constraints, keyboard layouts are stored as differences from a set of standard layouts; thus only a few bytes are needed to accommodate most additional layouts. An exception is the Dvorak layout that moves just about every key and thus requires hundreds of extra bytes of precious kernel storage regardless of whether it is needed. Each localized version (built on a globalized core) requires grammatical, linguistic, and cultural adaptations throughout the user interface, including formats for dates, numbers, times, currencies, sorting, even for word and phrase order in alerts and dialog boxes. A kit was provided, and the translation work was done by native-speaking Apple marketing staff in each country.

This localization effort resulted in about as many Lisa unit sales outside the US as inside the US over the product's lifespanwhile setting new standards for future localized software products, and for global project co-ordination. Discontinuation The high cost and the delays in its release date contributed to the Lisa's discontinuation although Lisa was repackaged and sold at $4,995, as the Lisa 2. When Apple released the Macintosh a year after Lisa, it swayed consumers away with its lower price tag and relative ease of use. In 1986, the Lisa was discontinued. In 1987, purchased about 5,000 and upgraded them.

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Some leftover Lisa computers and spare parts were available until recently when Cherokee Data (who purchased Sun Remarketing) went out of business. In 1989, with the help of Sun Remarketing, Apple disposed of approximately 2,700 unsold Lisas in a guarded landfill in, in order to receive a tax write-off on the unsold inventory. Like other early GUI computers, working Lisas are now fairly valuable for which people will pay hundreds or even thousands of dollars. The original model is the most wanted one, but ProFile and Widget hard disks, which are necessary for running the Lisa OS, are almost as valued if in working order. Timeline of Lisa models. ^ Apple Lisa computer,. Christoph Dernbach (October 12, 2007).

Retrieved November 15, 2012. Simon, Jeffrey S.

Circuit Board (poo Apk For Mac Pc

Young, William L. (April 14, 2006). (Newly updated.

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Retrieved January 6, 2014. Carmel, IN, USA: Hayden Books. Mace, Scott (February 13, 1984). Retrieved January 6, 2014.

da Cruz, Frank (June 11, 1984). Info-Kermit mailing list (Mailing list). Kermit Project, Columbia University. Retrieved February 24, 2016. June 3, 1985. Retrieved October 26, 2017.

Lisa Operating System Reference Manual. Retrieved March 8, 2016. (Dec 1984): A106–A114. Archived from on October 4, 2006. August 19, 2013.

Archived from on November 5, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2015. Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson. 'Back in Time', A+ Magazine, Feb 1987: 48–49. Tiwari, Aditya (April 21, 2016).

McCollum, Charles (October 16, 2011). Retrieved February 24, 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. at the (archived March 28, 2004).